Manufacturing PMIPMI — Purchasing Managers' Index. Above 50 = the sector is expanding vs last month; below 50 = contracting. A timely read on activity. is below 50 but rising.
Why: Activity is still contracting in absolute terms (below 50), but the rate of contraction is easing — the second derivative has turned up, which historically clusters near cyclical lows.
Forward-looking investors start to price the trough.
Why: Markets discount the turn before it completes; an improving-but-sub-50 PMI often coincides with the low in cyclical risk assets, well before the PMI itself crosses back above 50.
Early-cycle cyclicalscyclicals — Sectors whose earnings rise and fall with the economic cycle — industrials, materials, energy, consumer discretionary. and small-caps tend to lead off the low; defensivesdefensives — Sectors whose demand is steady through the cycle — consumer staples, utilities, healthcare. They outperform when growth slows.' relative edge fades.
Why: The names most beaten down in the contraction have the most operating leverage to even a marginal improvement, so they re-rate first when the deterioration stops.

Helps
early-cycle cyclicalssmall-capsEM equity

Hurts
defensives (relative)long government bonds (if the recovery firms)

Caveat: A one-month uptick that doesn't persist is a head-fake; the turn needs follow-through, and a sub-50 level still means activity is contracting in absolute terms — this is an inflection signal, not an all-clear.

House-view hook — empty (textbook default; Stephen's view bakes in here).

What would change the read

Inflation surprise (upside) Core inflation is steady, so the upside-surprise channel is quiet. It would fire on a core reading ≥0.2pp above the prior — watch it because that is what forces a central bank to stay restrictive and pressures the longest-duration assets first.
Inflation surprise (downside / disinflation) Core inflation isn't cooling fast enough to trigger the disinflation channel. A fall of ≥0.2pp would fire it — worth watching because it is the cleanest tailwind for long-duration growth and government bonds.
Monetary easing (rate cut) The policy rate is on hold, so the easing channel is dormant. A cut would fire it — it matters because the first cut of a cycle typically broadens a rally and pressures the currency.

China

M13Contraction easing (sub-50 PMI, rising)

Trigger: pmi_mfg: 49.4 → 49.8 (+0.4)

Manufacturing PMI is below 50 but rising.
Why: Activity is still contracting in absolute terms (below 50), but the rate of contraction is easing — the second derivative has turned up, which historically clusters near cyclical lows.
Forward-looking investors start to price the trough.
Why: Markets discount the turn before it completes; an improving-but-sub-50 PMI often coincides with the low in cyclical risk assets, well before the PMI itself crosses back above 50.
Early-cycle cyclicals and small-caps tend to lead off the low; defensives' relative edge fades.
Why: The names most beaten down in the contraction have the most operating leverage to even a marginal improvement, so they re-rate first when the deterioration stops.

Helps
early-cycle cyclicalssmall-capsEM equity

Hurts
defensives (relative)long government bonds (if the recovery firms)

House-view hook — empty (textbook default; Stephen's view bakes in here).

What would change the read

Monetary easing (rate cut) The policy rate is on hold, so the easing channel is dormant. A cut would fire it — it matters because the first cut of a cycle typically broadens a rally and pressures the currency.
Monetary tightening (rate hike) The policy rate is steady, so the tightening channel is dormant. A hike would fire it — watch it because it hits long-duration growth, long bonds, and gold first.
Growth acceleration (expansionary PMI) Manufacturing isn't both expanding and accelerating, so the growth-acceleration channel is dormant. A rising PMI back above 50 would fire it — it matters because it's the signal to rotate from defensives toward cyclicals.

Euro area

No active mechanism this week — the standing read above carries the bloc.

What would change the read

Monetary easing (rate cut) The policy rate is on hold, so the easing channel is dormant. A cut would fire it — it matters because the first cut of a cycle typically broadens a rally and pressures the currency.
Monetary tightening (rate hike) The policy rate is steady, so the tightening channel is dormant. A hike would fire it — watch it because it hits long-duration growth, long bonds, and gold first.
Growth acceleration (expansionary PMI) Manufacturing isn't both expanding and accelerating, so the growth-acceleration channel is dormant. A rising PMI back above 50 would fire it — it matters because it's the signal to rotate from defensives toward cyclicals.

Japan

No active mechanism this week — the standing read above carries the bloc.

What would change the read

Inflation surprise (upside) Core inflation is steady, so the upside-surprise channel is quiet. It would fire on a core reading ≥0.2pp above the prior — watch it because that is what forces a central bank to stay restrictive and pressures the longest-duration assets first.
Inflation surprise (downside / disinflation) Core inflation isn't cooling fast enough to trigger the disinflation channel. A fall of ≥0.2pp would fire it — worth watching because it is the cleanest tailwind for long-duration growth and government bonds.
Monetary easing (rate cut) The policy rate is on hold, so the easing channel is dormant. A cut would fire it — it matters because the first cut of a cycle typically broadens a rally and pressures the currency.

The dataL3

United States

Indicator	Current	Prior	Δ	As of
CPI (YoY)	2.90	3.02	-0.12 ▼	2025-09-11
Core CPI	0.22	0.30	-0.08 ▬	2025-09-01
Core PCE	2.83	2.90	-0.07 ▬	2025-09-01
Policy rate	4.50	4.50	+0.00 ▬	2025-09-14
GDP	3.30	3.00	+0.30 ▲	2025-08-28
PMI (mfg)	48.70	48.00	+0.70 ▲	2025-09-02
PMI (svc)	52.00	50.10	+1.90 ▲	2025-09-04
Unemployment	4.40	4.30	+0.10 ▲	2025-09-01
10Y yield	4.06	4.01	+0.05 ▬	2025-09-12
2Y yield	3.56	3.52	+0.04 ▬	2025-09-12
2s10s slope	0.50	0.49	+0.01 ▬	2025-09-12
FX vs USD	97.55	97.54	+0.01 ▬	2025-09-12

China

Indicator	Current	Prior	Δ	As of
CPI (YoY)	0.00	0.10	-0.10 ▬	2025-08-09
Policy rate	3.00	3.00	+0.00 ▬	2025-08-20
GDP	5.20	5.40	-0.20 ▼	2025-07-15
PMI (mfg)	49.80	49.40	+0.40 ▲	2025-09-01
PMI (svc)	50.30	50.10	+0.20 ▬	2025-08-31
Unemployment	5.20	5.30	-0.10 ▬	2025-09-01
10Y yield	1.87	1.87	-0.01 ▬	2025-09-12
2Y yield	1.43	1.42	+0.01 ▬	2025-09-12
2s10s slope	0.44	0.46	-0.02 ▬	2025-09-12
FX vs USD	7.12	7.12	-0.00 ▬	2025-09-12

Euro area

Indicator	Current	Prior	Δ	As of
CPI (YoY)	2.10	2.00	+0.10 ▲	2025-09-02
Policy rate	2.15	2.15	+0.00 ▬	2025-07-24
GDP	0.20	0.00	+0.20 ▬	2025-09-02
PMI (mfg)	50.70	50.50	+0.20 ▬	2025-09-01
PMI (svc)	50.50	50.70	-0.20 ▬	2025-09-03
Unemployment	6.20	6.20	+0.00 ▬	2025-09-01
10Y yield	3.23	3.21	+0.03 ▬	2025-09-01 ⚠
FX vs USD	1.17	1.17	+0.00 ▬	2025-09-12

Japan

Indicator	Current	Prior	Δ	As of
CPI (YoY)	3.10	3.30	-0.20 ▼	2025-08-22
Core CPI	1.60	1.60	+0.00 ▬	2025-08-22
Policy rate	0.50	0.50	+0.00 ▬	2025-07-31
GDP	n/a
PMI (mfg)	n/a
Unemployment	2.30	2.50	-0.20 ▼	2025-08-29
10Y yield	1.65	1.60	+0.04 ▬	2025-09-01 ⚠
FX vs USD	147.22	147.33	-0.11 ▬	2025-09-12

Concept libraryL3

Terms marked ✓ are linked inline above — click any dotted term in the text to expand it in place.

2s10s: The gap between the 10-year and 2-year government bond yields. Positive = normal upward-sloping curve; negative ('inverted') = a classic late-cycle/recession warning.
PMI ✓: Purchasing Managers' Index. Above 50 = the sector is expanding vs last month; below 50 = contracting. A timely read on activity.
carry trade: Borrowing in a low-rate currency (long the yen's case) to buy higher-yielding assets elsewhere. It unwinds violently when the funding rate rises or the funding currency strengthens.
credit impulse: The change in the flow of new credit into an economy. A rising impulse front-runs stronger demand for commodities and cyclical goods, with a lag.
cyclicals ✓: Sectors whose earnings rise and fall with the economic cycle — industrials, materials, energy, consumer discretionary.
defensives ✓: Sectors whose demand is steady through the cycle — consumer staples, utilities, healthcare. They outperform when growth slows.
discount rate: The rate used to convert a future cash flow into today's value. A higher discount rate makes far-off cash flows worth less now.
disinflation: Inflation that is still positive but falling (prices rising more slowly) — distinct from deflation, where prices actually fall.
duration: How sensitive an asset's price is to interest rates. 'Long-duration' assets (long bonds, fast-growing stocks whose profits are years away) move most when rates change.
net interest margin: The spread a bank earns between what it charges on loans and pays on deposits. Higher short rates / steeper curves tend to widen it.
nominal yield: The headline interest rate on a bond, before subtracting inflation.
policy rate: The interest rate a central bank sets directly (e.g. the Fed funds rate, the ECB deposit rate, China's LPR). It anchors all other rates.
rate path: The market's expectation of where the policy rate goes over the next year or two — not just today's level, but the whole expected trajectory.
real yield: The yield after subtracting expected inflation — what a lender actually earns in purchasing power. Real yield ≈ nominal yield − expected inflation.
term premium: The extra yield investors demand to hold a long bond instead of rolling short ones — compensation for tying money up and for issuance/inflation risk.