Manufacturing PMIPMI — Purchasing Managers' Index. Above 50 = the sector is expanding vs last month; below 50 = contracting. A timely read on activity. is below 50 and still falling.
Why: Below 50 means more firms are contracting than expanding; *falling* means the contraction is deepening, not bottoming — that combination is what leads earnings revisions down.
Investors rotate toward defensivesdefensives — Sectors whose demand is steady through the cycle — consumer staples, utilities, healthcare. They outperform when growth slows. and government bonds.
Why: When growth is deteriorating, steady-demand sectors (staples, utilities, healthcare) hold earnings better, and government bonds act as a hedge that rallies if the slowdown deepens further.
Cyclicalscyclicals — Sectors whose earnings rise and fall with the economic cycle — industrials, materials, energy, consumer discretionary., small-caps, EM and industrial commodities underperform.
Why: These are geared to the physical cycle and to leverage, so worsening activity hits their earnings and risk appetite hardest; commodity demand softens with industrial output.

Helps
defensive sectors (staples, utilities, healthcare)long government bondsquality/large-cap

Hurts
cyclicalssmall-capsEM equityindustrial commodities

Caveat: A shallow dip just below 50 that quickly reverses ('soft patch') doesn't trigger the full defensive rotation; the level must persist.

House-view hook — empty (textbook default; Stephen's view bakes in here).

M9Long-end yield spike / term-premium rise

Trigger: yield_10y: 1.79 → 1.9 (+0.11)

The 10-year yield jumps.
Why: The long yield sets the cost of long-term money for the whole economy and the discount ratediscount rate — The rate used to convert a future cash flow into today's value. A higher discount rate makes far-off cash flows worth less now. for the longest cash flows.
The discount rate on all long-dated cash flows rises.
Why: Equity valuations and long-bond prices are present values of distant cash flows; a higher long yield shrinks those present values.
Long-duration growth equities compress, long bonds fall, gold is pressured.
Why: The longest-duration assets are most exposed to the discount-rate move, and a higher real yieldreal yield — The yield after subtracting expected inflation — what a lender actually earns in purchasing power. Real yield ≈ nominal yield − expected inflation. raises the opportunity cost of holding non-yielding gold.

Helps
banks/insurers (reinvestment)cashvalue over growth

Hurts
long-duration growth equitieslong-dated bondsgoldrate-sensitive REITs/utilities

Caveat: Granularity is daily, so a single-session jump can be noise; a sustained multi-session move is the real signal. Distinguish a growth-driven rise (risk-on) from a supply/term-premium rise (risk-off).

House-view hook — empty (textbook default; Stephen's view bakes in here).

China

M3Monetary easing (rate cut)

Trigger: policy_rate: 4.31 → 4.25 (-0.06)

The central bank cuts its policy ratepolicy rate — The interest rate a central bank sets directly (e.g. the Fed funds rate, the ECB deposit rate, China's LPR). It anchors all other rates..
Why: The policy rate anchors the entire rate structure, so a cut lowers the risk-free baseline against which every asset is valued.
Discount rates fall across asset classes and liquidity expectations rise.
Why: A lower risk-free rate raises the present value of future cash flows everywhere, and a cut signals the bank will keep conditions loose.
Risk assets re-rate up; the currency softens.
Why: Cheaper money flows toward higher-returning assets, and a lower local rate narrows the yield advantage of holding the currency, so it weakens.
The weaker currency lifts exporters, commodities, gold, and EM.
Why: Commodities priced in the easing currency rise in that currency; exporters gain competitiveness; and EM borrowers with dollar debt benefit as the dollar softens.

Helps
equities (broadly)goldEM assetslong-duration bondscommodities

Hurts
the easing currencycash/money-market real yield

Caveat: If the cut is an emergency response to a fast-deteriorating outlook ('cutting into a recession'), equities can fall even as bonds rally — the growth signal outweighs the liquidity boost.

House-view hook — empty (textbook default; Stephen's view bakes in here).

M11China credit impulse (easing proxy)

Trigger: policy_rate: 4.31 → 4.25 (-0.06)

China cuts its benchmark lending rate (LPR).
Why: A lower LPR reduces borrowing costs and is the most visible signal that policymakers want credit to flow — a proxy for a turn-up in the credit impulsecredit impulse — The change in the flow of new credit into an economy. A rising impulse front-runs stronger demand for commodities and cyclical goods, with a lag..
The flow of new credit into the economy turns up.
Why: Cheaper credit pulls forward borrowing by firms and local governments, raising the change in outstanding credit — the impulse — which leads activity by one to three quarters.
Industrial commodities, China/HK cyclicals, and the EM/commodity-exporter complex benefit.
Why: China is the marginal buyer of many industrial commodities, so a credit-driven activity pickup lifts their prices and the equities and exporter currencies geared to that demand.

Helps
industrial commoditiesChina/HK cyclicalsEM equitycommodity exporters (AUD, BRL)

Hurts
CNY (on the rate cut)China government bond yields (fall)

Caveat: LPR is only a proxy; the true impulse needs total-social-financing / new-loan data (a Rung-2 addition). A cut without a pickup in actual credit demand ('pushing on a string') doesn't deliver the transmission.

House-view hook — empty (textbook default; Stephen's view bakes in here).

Euro area

No active mechanism this week — the standing read above carries the bloc.

What would change the read

Monetary easing (rate cut) The policy rate is on hold, so the easing channel is dormant. A cut would fire it — it matters because the first cut of a cycle typically broadens a rally and pressures the currency.
Monetary tightening (rate hike) The policy rate is steady, so the tightening channel is dormant. A hike would fire it — watch it because it hits long-duration growth, long bonds, and gold first.
Growth acceleration (expansionary PMI) Manufacturing isn't both expanding and accelerating, so the growth-acceleration channel is dormant. A rising PMI back above 50 would fire it — it matters because it's the signal to rotate from defensives toward cyclicals.

Japan

No active mechanism this week — the standing read above carries the bloc.

What would change the read

Inflation surprise (upside) Core inflation is steady, so the upside-surprise channel is quiet. It would fire on a core reading ≥0.2pp above the prior — watch it because that is what forces a central bank to stay restrictive and pressures the longest-duration assets first.
Inflation surprise (downside / disinflation) Core inflation isn't cooling fast enough to trigger the disinflation channel. A fall of ≥0.2pp would fire it — worth watching because it is the cleanest tailwind for long-duration growth and government bonds.
Monetary easing (rate cut) The policy rate is on hold, so the easing channel is dormant. A cut would fire it — it matters because the first cut of a cycle typically broadens a rally and pressures the currency.

The dataL3

United States

Indicator	Current	Prior	Δ	As of
CPI (YoY)	1.70	1.68	+0.02 ▬	2019-09-12
Core CPI	0.30	0.19	+0.11 ▲	2019-09-12
Core PCE	1.63	1.60	+0.03 ▬	2019-09-01
Policy rate	2.25	2.25	+0.00 ▬	2019-09-15
GDP	2.00	2.10	-0.10 ▬	2019-08-29
PMI (mfg)	49.10	51.20	-2.10 ▼	2019-09-03
PMI (svc)	56.40	53.70	+2.70 ▲	2019-09-05
Unemployment	3.70	3.50	+0.20 ▲	2019-09-06
10Y yield	1.90	1.79	+0.11 ▲	2019-09-13
2Y yield	1.79	1.72	+0.07 ▲	2019-09-13
2s10s slope	0.11	0.07	+0.04 ▬	2019-09-13
FX vs USD	98.26	98.31	-0.05 ▬	2019-09-13

China

Indicator	Current	Prior	Δ	As of
CPI (YoY)	2.80	2.80	+0.00 ▬	2019-09-10
Policy rate	4.25	4.31	-0.06 ▼	2019-08-20
GDP	6.20	6.40	-0.20 ▼	2019-07-15
PMI (mfg)	49.80	49.50	+0.30 ▬	2019-09-01
PMI (svc)	53.80	53.70	+0.10 ▬	2019-08-31
Unemployment	5.20	5.20	+0.00 ▬	2019-09-01
10Y yield	3.09	3.05	+0.04 ▬	2019-09-12
2Y yield	2.71	2.71	-0.01 ▬	2019-09-12
2s10s slope	0.38	0.34	+0.04 ▬	2019-09-12
FX vs USD	7.08	7.12	-0.04 ▬	2019-09-13

Euro area

Indicator	Current	Prior	Δ	As of
CPI (YoY)	1.00	1.00	+0.00 ▬	2019-08-30
Policy rate	0.00	0.00	+0.00 ▬	2019-09-12
GDP	-0.50	0.20	-0.70 ▼	2019-08-19
PMI (mfg)	47.00	47.00	+0.00 ▬	2019-09-02
PMI (svc)	53.50	53.40	+0.10 ▬	2019-09-04
Unemployment	7.50	7.50	+0.00 ▬	2019-08-30
10Y yield	0.05	0.10	-0.05 ▼	2019-09-01 ⚠
FX vs USD	1.11	1.10	+0.00 ▬	2019-09-13

Japan

Indicator	Current	Prior	Δ	As of
CPI (YoY)	0.50	0.70	-0.20 ▼	2019-08-23
Core CPI	0.40	0.30	+0.10 ▲	2019-08-23
Policy rate	-0.10	-0.10	+0.00 ▬	2019-07-30
GDP	n/a
PMI (mfg)	n/a
Unemployment	2.20	2.30	-0.10 ▬	2019-08-30
10Y yield	-0.21	-0.28	+0.07 ▲	2019-09-01 ⚠
FX vs USD	108.18	108.02	+0.15 ▬	2019-09-13

Concept libraryL3

Terms marked ✓ are linked inline above — click any dotted term in the text to expand it in place.

2s10s: The gap between the 10-year and 2-year government bond yields. Positive = normal upward-sloping curve; negative ('inverted') = a classic late-cycle/recession warning.
PMI ✓: Purchasing Managers' Index. Above 50 = the sector is expanding vs last month; below 50 = contracting. A timely read on activity.
carry trade: Borrowing in a low-rate currency (long the yen's case) to buy higher-yielding assets elsewhere. It unwinds violently when the funding rate rises or the funding currency strengthens.
credit impulse ✓: The change in the flow of new credit into an economy. A rising impulse front-runs stronger demand for commodities and cyclical goods, with a lag.
cyclicals ✓: Sectors whose earnings rise and fall with the economic cycle — industrials, materials, energy, consumer discretionary.
defensives ✓: Sectors whose demand is steady through the cycle — consumer staples, utilities, healthcare. They outperform when growth slows.
discount rate ✓: The rate used to convert a future cash flow into today's value. A higher discount rate makes far-off cash flows worth less now.
disinflation: Inflation that is still positive but falling (prices rising more slowly) — distinct from deflation, where prices actually fall.
duration: How sensitive an asset's price is to interest rates. 'Long-duration' assets (long bonds, fast-growing stocks whose profits are years away) move most when rates change.
net interest margin: The spread a bank earns between what it charges on loans and pays on deposits. Higher short rates / steeper curves tend to widen it.
nominal yield: The headline interest rate on a bond, before subtracting inflation.
policy rate ✓: The interest rate a central bank sets directly (e.g. the Fed funds rate, the ECB deposit rate, China's LPR). It anchors all other rates.
rate path: The market's expectation of where the policy rate goes over the next year or two — not just today's level, but the whole expected trajectory.
real yield ✓: The yield after subtracting expected inflation — what a lender actually earns in purchasing power. Real yield ≈ nominal yield − expected inflation.
term premium: The extra yield investors demand to hold a long bond instead of rolling short ones — compensation for tying money up and for issuance/inflation risk.